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【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 &nbs ..
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【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 】
离线
myshuixiang
路は曼曼として其れ修远なり
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2008-06-23
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2024-04-10
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七级仿真大师
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发表于: 2008-07-31 21:26:09
不知道有没有人发过,也不知道发在哪版,就当灌水了!哈
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微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析
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微波系统的设计越来越复杂,对电路的指标要求越来越高,电路的功能越来越多,电路的尺寸要求越做越小,而设计周期却越来越短。传统的设计方法已经不能满足微波电路设计的需要,使用微波EDA 软件工具进行微波元器件与微波系统的设计已经成为微波电路设计的必然趋势。EDA即Electronic Design
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Automation, 电子设计自动化;目前,国外各种商业化的微波EDA 软件工具不断涌现,微波射频领域主要的EDA 工具首推Agilent 公司的ADS 软件和Ansoft 公司的HFSS、Designer 软件,其次是比较小型的有Microwave Office, Ansoft Serenade, CST, Zeland, XFDTD, Sonnet 等电路设计软件。下面将会将会简要地介绍一下各个微波EDA 软件的功能特点和使用范围,以期大家有个总体的了解。
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微波EDA 仿真软件与电磁场的数值算法密切相关,在介绍微波EDA 软件之前先简要的介绍一下微
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波电磁场理论的数值算法。所有的数值算法都是建立在Maxwell方程组之上的,了解Maxwell方程是学习电磁场数值算法的基础;在频域,数值算法有:有限元法 ( FEM -- Finite Element Method)、矩量法( MoM -- Method of Moments),差分法( FDM -- Finite Difference Methods),边界元法( BEM -- ),和传输线法( TLM -- Transmission-Line-matrix Method),在时域,数值算法有:时域有限差分法( FDTD – Finite Difference Time Domain ),和有限积分法( FIT – Finite Integration Technology
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)。如果想进一步了解各种数值算法的具体实现,可以参阅以下几本书籍:① Microwave Circuit
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Modeling Using Electromagnetic Field Simulation, ② Numerical Techniques in Electromagnetics, ③ Electromagmetic Simunation Using the FDTD Method,④ Complex eletromagnetic problems and numerical Simulation Approaches。 其中,使用矩量法( MoM ) 的微波EDA软件有ADS,Ansoft Designer,Microwave Office, Zeland IE3D,Ansoft Esemble,Super NEC和FEKO;使用有限元法 ( FEM ) 的微波EDA软件有HFSS和ANSYS;使用时域有限差分法( FDTD ) 的微波EDA软件有 EMPIRE和XFDTD,SEMCAD,使用有限积分法( FIT ) 的微波EDA软件有CST Microwave Studio和CST Mafia。
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下面来介绍较流行几种的微波EDA软件的功能和应用。
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ADS – Advanced Design System,是Agilent公司推出的微波电路和通信系统仿真软件,是国内各大学和研究所使用最多的软件之一。其功能非常强大,仿真手段丰富多样,可实现包括时域和频域、数
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字与模拟、线性与非线性、噪声等多种仿真分析手段,并可对设计结果进行成品率分析与优化,从而大大提高了复杂电路的设计效率,是非常优秀的微波电路、系统信号链路的设计工具。主要应用于:射频和微波电路的设计,通信系统的设计,DSP设计和向量仿真。现在最新的版本是ADS2004A。
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Ansoft Designer,是Ansoft公司推出的微波电路和通信系统仿真软件;它采用了最新的视窗技术
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,是第一个将高频电路系统,版图和电磁场仿真工具无缝地集成到同一个环境的设计工具,这种集成不是简单和界面集成,其关键是Ansoft Designer独有的"按需求解"的技术,它使你能够根据需要选择求解器,从而实现对设计过程的完全控制。Ansoft Designer实现了“所见即所得”的自动化版图功能,版图与原理图自动同步,大大提高了版图设计效率。同时,Ansoft还能方便地与其他设计软件集成到一起,并可以和测试仪器连接,完成各种设计任务,如频率合成器,锁相环,通信系统,雷达系统以及放大器,混频器,滤波器,移相器,功率分配器,合成器和微带天线等。主要应用于:射频和微波电路的设计,通信系统的设计,电路板和模块设计,部件设计。现在最新的版本是Ansoft Designer 2.1。
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Ansoft HFSS,是Ansoft公司推出的三维电磁仿真软件;是世界上第一个商业化的三维结构电磁场仿真软件,业界公认的三维电磁场设计和分析的电子设计工业标准。HFSS提供了一简洁直观的用户设计界
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面、精确自适应的场解器、拥有空前电性能分析能力的功能强大后处理器,能计算任意形状三维无源结构的S参数和全波电磁场。HFSS软件拥有强大的天线设计功能,它可以计算天线参量,如增益、方向性、远场方向图剖面、远场3D图和3dB带宽;绘制极化特性,包括球形场分量、圆极化场分量、Ludwig第三定义场分量和轴比。使用HFSS,可以计算:① 基本电磁场数值解和开边界问题,近远场辐射问题;② 端口特征阻抗和传输常数;③ S参数和相应端口阻抗的归一化S参数;④ 结构的本征模或谐振解。而且,由Ansoft HFSS和Ansoft Designer构成的Ansoft高频解决方案,是目前唯一以物理原型为基础的高频设计解决方案,提供了从系统到电路直至部件级的快速而精确的设计手段,覆盖了高频设计的所有环节。现在最新的版本是Ansoft HFSS 9.2。
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Microwave Office,是AWR公司推出的微波EDA软件,为微波平面电路设计提供了最完整, 最快速和最精确的解答。它是通过两个模拟器来对微波平面电路进行模拟和仿真的。对于由集总元件构成的电路
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,用电路的方法来处理较为简便;该软件设有"VoltaireXL"的模拟器来处理集总元件构成的微波平面电路问题。而对于由具体的微带几何图形构成的分布参数微波平面电路则采用场的方法较为有效;该软件采用的是"EMSight"的模拟器来处理任何多层平面结构的三维电磁场的问题。"VoltaireXL" 模拟器内设一个元件库,在建立电路模型时,可以调出微波电路所用的元件,其中无源器件有电感、电阻、电容、谐振电路、微带线、带状线、同轴线等等,非线性器件有双极晶体管, 场效应晶体管,二极管等等。"EMSight"模拟器是一个三维电磁场模拟程序包,可用于平面高频电路和天线结构的分析。特点是把修正谱域矩量法与直观的视窗图形用户界面(GUI)技术结合起来,使得计算速度加快许多。MWO可以分析射频集成电路 RFIC)、微波单片集成电路(MMIC)、 微带贴片天线和高速印制电路(PCB)等电路的电气特性。
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XFDTD,是Remcom公司推出的基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)的三维全波电磁场仿真软件。XFDTD用户界面友好、计算准确;但XFDTD本身没有优化功能,须通过第三方软件Engineous完成优化。该软件最早用于仿真蜂窝电话,长于手机天线和SAR计算。现在广泛用于无线、微波电路、雷达散射计算,化学、光学、陆基警戒雷达和生物组织仿真。软件最新版本为 XFDTD 6.5
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SemCAD,也是FDTD套件。没有比XFDTD等有太多优势,也有被用来计算SAR的。好像也有用来作系统EMC计算。
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Zeland IE3D,IE3D是一个基于矩量法的电磁场仿真工具,可以解决多层介质环境下的三维金属结构的电流分布问题。IE3D可分为MGRID、MODUA和PATTERNVIEW三部分;MGRID为IE3D的前处理套件,功能有建立电路结构、设定基板与金属材料的参数和设定模拟仿真参数;MOODUA是IE3D的核心执行套件,可执行电磁场的模拟仿真计算、性能参数(Smith园图,S参数等)计算和执行参数优化计算;PATTERNVIEW是IE3D的后处理套件,可以将仿真计算结果,电磁场的分布以等高线或向量场的形式显示出来。IE3D仿真结果包括S、Y、Z参数,VWSR,RLC等效电路,电流分布,近场分布和辐射方向图,方向性,效率和RCS等;应用范围主要是在微波射频电路、多层印刷电路板、平面微带天线设计的分析与设计。软件最新版本为Zeland IE3D10.0。
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CST MICROWAVE STUDIO,是德国CST(Computer Simulation Technology)公司推出的高频三维电磁场仿真软件。广泛应用于移动通信、无线通信(蓝牙系统)、信号集成和电磁兼容等领域。微波工作室使用简洁,能为用户的高频设计提供直观的电磁特性。微波工作室除了主要的时域求解器模块外,还为某些特殊应用提供本征模及频域求解器模块。CAD文件的导入功能及SPICE参量的提取增强了设计的可能性并缩短了设计时间。另外,由于CST设计工作室的开放性体系结构能为其它仿真软件提供链接,使微波工作室与其它设计环境相集成。
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Sonnet,是一种基于矩量法的电磁仿真软件,提供面向3D平面高频电路设计系统以及在微波、毫
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米波领域和电磁兼容/电磁干扰设计的EDA工具。SonnetTM应用于平面高频电磁场分析,频率从1MHz 到几千GHz。主要的应用有:微带匹配网络、微带电路、微带滤波器、带状线电路、带状线滤波器、过孔(层的连接或接地)、偶合线分析、PCB板电路分析、PCB 板干扰分析、桥式螺线电感器、平面高温超导电路分析、毫米波集成电路(MMIC)设计和分析、混合匹配的电路分析、HDI 和LTCC 转换、单层或多层传输线的精确分析、多层的平面的电路分析、单层或多层的平面天线分析、平面天线阵分析、平面偶合孔的分析等。
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其他的微波射频相关的EDA软件还有Ansoft公司的Serenade 8.71、Esemble 8.0、SIwave 2.0、
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Ansoft Links 3.0、Optimatrics,CST公司的CST Mafia 4.1、CST Design Studio、CST EM Studio 2.0,Zeland公司的Fidelity,Ansys公司的Ansys、FEKO,Eagleware-Elanix公司的Eagleware Genesys,和Super NEC等。
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ansoft一贯使用FEM(有限元法),HFSS在中国大陆有绝对的市场份额。一直被大家认为电小不错,电大不行。一年一来一直致力于推翻大家这种印象。终端仿真里面面,我们认为网络参数相对还是比较正确的,但是场参数有时候就不是那么令人满意了。例如,建模一个dipole,在大部分关键的己方加了很多人工干预网哥划分,但是,增益和pattern的波束角宽都差挺多的。手机天线仿真经常是百分之一百零几的效率。在9.1版里results里就不得不多加了realized gain这个选项,把gain这个选项的值打个折扣给你:)
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CST的Microwave Studio,一直大家一位是fdtd,其实它是时域积分法(FITD),当然其实不是原则上的不同。和FEM方法不同,FDTD或者FITD都是先在时域计算,用一个宽频谱的激励信号(方波或者高斯波都有)去激励模型,在时域计算然后去反演到频域。系统的网络参数和场参数基本上是反演后的得到的。特点是可以计算相当大的带宽结果,而不需要象用ansoft,可能要把大带宽分割后分别仿真。CST计算过程中,由于没有FEM计算过程中矩阵求逆过程,计算时间和网格数成线性增长关系,而FEM的是指数增长关系。CST的MWS从4.3版起,开始有了大小网格嵌套技术,在曲面上细化六面体网格逼进曲面。这是其它FDTD套件所没有的。CST的MWS最大的问题是不象ansoft的那么傻瓜化,很多参数即使看了help也不是很能让人理解。如果很深入了解MWS内部细节,估计可以一次性不用收敛做出完美的仿真。我们曾经用完全相同的模型分别在ansoft和CST运行,结果双频天线CST结果低频比ansoft结果高。而高频又比ansoft结果低。但是场参数就可靠得多了,一个加上塑胶外壳参数、电池、屏蔽罩等器件的模型,天线在谐振点就是比较真实的百分之四、五十。韩国都用CST,没有什么人用ansoft。
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Zeland IE3D,矩量法(MoM)。IE3D可能是最好的商业MoM套件。MoM原理相对简单,且计算速度极快。
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IE3D比较适合2.5维情形,例如算算PCB或者微带天线比较合适,算复杂3D结构力不从心。但是,手机PIFA的计算就比较适合用IE3D。不是用于做天线项目仿真,而是用于研究天线的基本特征,天线和PCB如何相互耦合、PCB上激发的表面电流走向等原型阶段的预研。
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Zeland Fidelity,FDTD法,相比IE3D名气小,用的人也不多。没有CST大小网格嵌套。这里补充一句,所有的FDTD套件都是采用PML方法的。
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XFDTD,有名的FDTD套件。经常和很多测试SAR的硬件系统联系在一起,在加载人体电磁模型后可以计算SAR值。缺点是天线Pattern没有3D显示,只有2D截面。这个缺点最好能在新版本中改进。
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SemCAD,也是FDTD套件。没有比XFDTD等有太多优势,也有被用来计算SAR的。好像也有用来作系统EMC计算。
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IMST Empire,FDTD套件。非常优秀的高频电磁场套件,德国人的东西。获得欧洲多次仿真大赛的优胜,仿真题目是一个Vivalti天线,速度最快,又最准确。但是正如德国人的问题,好是好,但又有太过明显缺陷。建模法实在是太复杂了,我学了三次都没有真正学会。最后没有时间只好放弃。
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FEKO,用Ansys接口的软件,使用混和MoM,多层快速多极子(这个我只知道名称了),几何光学和射线追踪法等,可以计算非常复杂的3D结构和环境,擅长电大尺寸。常被用做飞机电磁性能的建模和仿真。
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Sonnet,MoM方法。这个就不太熟了。
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SuperNEC,MoM法,要使用MatLab平台。这个会限制它的计算速度,因为MatLab是行解释型的,代码不编译。
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ADF-EMS,才听说的软件套件。意大利公司的产品,以前是对中国禁运的软件。据说是因为太专业太有用了,是航天器卫星、兵器等电磁仿真的利器。现在正在逐步对中国企业开放。但是如果是研究所或者国营机构去买,也还是不卖。报价是ansoft等套件的10倍以上。
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Aplac,据说Nokia公司的人用这个作电磁场仿真。只是接触过他们的一个Sales,看过一点资料,主要是电路和系统级的。电磁场模块fdtd的,建模巨复杂。其它的都不清楚。
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CFDTD,全名Conformal FDTD,中国人编的商业套件。据说业界还有好评。但是看来商业做得不好,网上后来就没有再见消息。特色不用说,肯定是conformal啦,现在谁能对金属曲面边界做好conformal meshing的就是好计算方法了。
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就知道这么多了。其实对于终端天线仿真,有一个FEM+FDTD+MoM的组合最好。但是产品项目是真没有必要和时间去做了,除非有重大意义或很多时间。
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1. Advanced Electromagnetics
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Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Phone: (505) 897-4741
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Software: GEMACS
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Description: GEMACS stands for the "General Electromagnetic Model for the Analysis of
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Complex Systems." It consists of a suite of electromagnetic modeling tools for method of
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moments (MOM), uniform theory of diffraction (UTD), and finite differences (FD). These three
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techniques can be used individually or combined into 3D hybrids to work more complex
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problems. The GEMACS package also contains numerous support utilities and a graphics
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interface called XGAUGE (X-window Graphical Aid for the Users of GEmacs). With XGAUGE a user
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can build a geometry model with GEMACS modeling elements, as well as view surface current,
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near-field, and far-field results with color-coded contours. The principal GEMACS sponsor is
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the U.S Army Research Laboratory and the U. S. Air Force Seek Eagle Office.
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2. AnSoft Corporation
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Pittsburgh, PA
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Phone: (412) 261-3200
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Software: Maxwell 2D
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Description: 2D electrostatic, magnetostatic, and low-frequency magnetic finite element
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analysis codes.
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Software: Maxwell 3D
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Description: 3D electrostatic, magnetostatic, and low-frequency magnetic finite element
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analysis codes.
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Software: Ansoft HFSS
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Description : 3D full-wave finite element code
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Software: Maxwell Eminence
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Description: electrostatic, magnetostatic and quasi-static field analysis and full-wave
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field simulation codes employing the finite element method and the boundary element method.
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Software: Microwave Explorer
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Description: 3D planar moment method for MMIC and hybrid circuit design.
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Software: Serenade
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Description: This is an integrated software suite for all high frequency circuit and system
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designs such as RF and microwave. It is applicable for the following levels of analysis:
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circuit, system, electromagnetic simulation, and the physical design.
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3. Applied Simulation Technology
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San Jose, CA
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Phone: (408) 436-9070
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FAX: (408) 436-9078
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Software: ApsimRADIA
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Description: ApsimRADIA can simultaneously simulate radiated emission noise and conducted
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transmission line noise. It considers the impact of interconnect technology, cabling,
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packaging, and enclosure design on EMI. ApsimRADIA can predict both differential and common
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mode radiated emissions. Both types of EMI have a strong dependency on the physical design
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itself. Therefore accurate modeling tools to convert the physical entities into electrical
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properties are the key to successfully predicting the emitted radiation. ApsimRADIA uses a
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variety of field solvers to accomplish this.
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Software: ApsimRADIA-WB
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Description: ApsimRADIA-WB is designed to evaluate the impact of electrical and physical
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characteristics on EMI. ApsimRADIA-WB accurately predicts the radiated emissions from PCB,
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MCM, cables and subsystems. As a result, the user can investigate EMI issues from a system
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point of view as well. This avoids designs that work on a board basis but fail at the system
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level. ApsimRADIA-WB is a complete solution incorporating schematic capture, field solvers
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and EMI simulators in a fully integrated system. As the schematic is entered, the x,y,z
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coordinates of the physical interconnects are passed. Interconnect models can be simple
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impedance or delay lines or more complicated transmission lines as extracted from the field
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solver. The electrical models likewise, can be simple voltage or current sources, or more
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complicated behavioral IBIS or even Spice transistor level models. A 3D graphical playback
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display confirms the design. Once the design is entered, it is automatically simulated using
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ApsimRADIA and ApsimSPICE. The results can be viewed graphically or in a text, report, form
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and may be compared against an EMI standard of choice. Pass/fail assignments are then made.
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ApsimRADIA-WB provides insight into EMI issues resulting from physical placement, electrical
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specifications, interconnects and physical entities such as connectors. Design rules and
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conclusions leading to better designs can then be made at the earliest stage possible. The
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user can enter the physical interconnect locations and simulate their effects from a
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schematic diagram point of view. At the schematic level, changes to the electrical parts,
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physical entities and locations can easily be made without complicated CAD tools.
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Interactions of the physical locations of parts and electrical specifications of the
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interconnects can be studied for adverse effects.
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4. Applied Wave Research, Inc.
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Redondo Beach, CA
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Phone: (310) 370-2496
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FAX: (310) 793-6500
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Software: EMSight
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Description: spectral-domain moment-method code for analyzing planar structures.
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5. Bay Technology
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Aptos, CA
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Phone: (408) 688-8919
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FAX: (408) 688-6435
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Software: IE3D
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Description: 3D Planar, Full Wave, Method of Moments Electromagnetic Simulation and
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Optimization software. Circuit parameters are extracted from the solved current distribution
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and saved in formats compatible with time and frequency domain circuit simulators.
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Software: Fidelity
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Description: FDTD Full 3D Electromagnetic Simulation Software.
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6. EMS-Plus
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Durham, NC
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Software: EZ-EMC
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Description: 3D, FDTD technique; time or frequency domain results. Features: Shielding
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Analysis , Gasket performance Analysis , Cavity and Shielded Box Resonance , Heat-sink
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emissions analysis , Grounding Analysis , Susceptibility Analysis , Board Emissions ,
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Ferrite Filter Analysis , Antenna Applications , Test Site Analysis (OATS, GTEM, Anechoic
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Room, etc.), etc.
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7. HyperLynx
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Innoveda, Inc
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Marlborough, MA
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Phone: (800) 873-8439
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Software: HyperSuite EXT
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Description: HyperSuite includes LineSim (Pre-Layout signal integrity simulation), BoardSim
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(Post-Layout signal integrity simulation), plus EMC and Crosstalk Analysis. With the
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HyperSuite, users can address high-speed PCB problems throughout the design cycle, beginning
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at the earliest, architectural stages and moving through post-layout verification.
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LineSim is a pre-layout signal integrity analysis tool. It provides the capability to
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investigate and plan for signal-integrity issues in the pre-routing design stages prior to
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PCB layout. Hypothetical interconnect scenarios may be entered in a “cell-based” schematic
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editor. Then, a detailed signal-integrity analysis may be performed. Waveforms are displayed
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in an oscilloscope viewer. The EMC analysis option to LineSim adds a spectrum analyzer that
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predicts radiated emissions from pre-layout net topologies. The predicted radiation levels
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can be compared at every frequency to government or user-defined limits.
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BoardSim is a post-layout signal-integrity analysis tool. It reads the information in an
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actual routed PCB layout and allows a designer to perform detailed signal integrity analysis
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based on the exact routing of a particular layout. For every net that is simulated, BoardSim
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automatically constructs an electromagnetic simulation model on a segment-by-segment and
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via-by-via basis. Analysis is available in both “batch” and interactive modes. BoardSim's
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EMC option is unique for post-layout verification in that it can predict radiation levels
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not only from PCB traces, but also from component packages. It does this without requiring
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any modeling information about the components' packages.
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8. Pacific ESI
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Artarmon, Australia
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Phone: (02) 9906-3377
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Software: PAM CEM 2000
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Description: This software was developed to perform realistic and predictive EMC simulations
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for industries such as aeronautics, telecommunications, electronics, and automotive. It is
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designed to simulate EMC lab testing, ranging from EMI caused by internal equipment wiring
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up to susceptibility or immunity of on-board equipment to external aggressions, as well as
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electromagnetic radiation of large harness systems towards the external environment
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(electromagnetic pollution). Capabilities include: Signal propagation on circuit boards and
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along interconnects: signal integrity, cross-talk, reflection and transmission analysis, s-
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parameter extraction; Electromagnetic compatibility and interference (EMC/EMI) analysis;
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Near to far field transform for radiation and EMC / EMI applications; Total field /
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scattered field zones for external wave sources; Electric, magnetic, and current density
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field sources; Built-in lumped elements including resistors, capacitors, inductors and
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voltage sources.
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9. Quantic EMC Inc.
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Manitoba, Canada
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Phone: (204) 942-4000
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Software: the Quantic Engine - includes “Omega Plus” for signal integrity and EMC
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simulation, and “Compliance” for system level EMC simulation of PC boards, enclosures, and
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cables.
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Description: Use “Omega PLUS” for screening PCB layouts for crosstalk, ringing, time
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delays, overshoot, undershoot, settling time and noise margin violations. Locate high-
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emission regions and identify the nets that cause EMC violations. Simulate two-sided boards
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and multi-layer boards with split power and ground planes. “Compliance” allows an analysis
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of the effects upon radiated fields due to changes in single nets, groups of nets, entire
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printed circuit boards, and most importantly, complete systems combining boards, cabling and
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enclosures. This tool shows results relative to changes. It does not yield absolute field
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values for comparison to actual laboratory measurements.
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10. Remcom Inc.
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State College, PA
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Phone: (814) 353-2986
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Fax: (814) 353-2986
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Software: XFDTD
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Description: 3D full-wave Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) software allows users to
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decrease the cost and time required to bring new products to market by eliminating
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unnecessary generations of expensive physical prototypes. The simulation software provides
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for early evaluation in the design process without the need for actual fabrication. XFDTD is
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a full wave electromagnetic solver based on the Finite Difference Time Domain method. It is
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fully three- dimensional. CAD objects may be imported into XFDTD and combined and edited
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within XFDTD using the internal graphical editor. Plane wave excitation or voltage and
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current sources can be used to excite the structure. XFDTD has an extensive list of
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important ..
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casey
rf币
+10
感谢您的资料
2009-08-18
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tiees
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1楼
发表于: 2010-03-12 20:58:32
Re:【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 】
路过学习!!!!!!!!
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ytsu
童话故事里幸福和快乐是结局,所以要拼搏!
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2楼
发表于: 2010-03-24 20:04:41
Re:【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 】
哈啊,留个脚印!
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heb_ld
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3楼
发表于: 2010-04-06 23:52:48
Re:【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 】
学习啦
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luckygirl
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发表于: 2010-04-10 09:20:44
Re:【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 】
读一读,真的很受益啊,特别是多这些软件有个大致的分清
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anqi0099
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发表于: 2010-06-04 14:56:14
Re:【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 】
QQ937472379 期待大虾们传授supernec
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yesjacky
一切都是为了学习
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Re:【 微波射频仿真软件综述和应用评析 】
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