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[其它]Mobile Fading Channels--Modelling, Analysis & Simulation

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0楼发表于: 2008-10-11 16:33:30

Mobile Fading Channels--Modelling, Analysis & Simulation
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF MOBILE RADIO CHANNELS . . . . . . 3
1.3 STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 RANDOM VARIABLES, STOCHASTIC PROCESSES, AND
DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 RANDOM VARIABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 Important Probability Density Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Functions of Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2 STOCHASTIC PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1 Stationary Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 Ergodic Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades . . . . . . 25
2.3 DETERMINISTIC CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4 DETERMINISTIC DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 RAYLEIGH AND RICE PROCESSES AS REFERENCE MODELS 33
3.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF RICE AND RAYLEIGH PROCESSES 34
3.2 ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF RICE AND RAYLEIGH PROCESSES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF RICE AND RAYLEIGH PROCESSES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the Phase . 39
3.3.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades . . . . . . 41
3.3.3 The Statistics of the Fading Intervals of Rayleigh Processes . . 46
4 INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF DETERMINISTIC
PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.1 PRINCIPLE OF DETERMINISTIC CHANNEL MODELLING . . . . 56
4.2 ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF DETERMINISTIC PROCESSES 59
4.3 STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF DETERMINISTIC PROCESSES . 63
4.3.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the Phase . 64
4.3.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades . . . . . . 72
4.3.3 Statistics of the Fading Intervals at Low Levels . . . . . . . . . 77
VIII Contents
4.3.4 Ergodicity and Criteria for the Performance Evaluation . . . . 78
5 METHODS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE MODEL
PARAMETERS OF DETERMINISTIC PROCESSES . . . . . . . . 81
5.1 METHODS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE DISCRETE
DOPPLER FREQUENCIES AND DOPPLER COEFFICIENTS . . . 83
5.1.1 Method of Equal Distances (MED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.1.2 Mean-Square-Error Method (MSEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.1.3 Method of Equal Areas (MEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.1.4 Monte Carlo Method (MCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.5 Lp-Norm Method (LPNM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.1.6 Method of Exact Doppler Spread (MEDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.1.7 Jakes Method (JM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.2 METHODS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE DOPPLER PHASES143
5.3 FADING INTERVALS OF DETERMINISTIC RAYLEIGH PROCESSES145
6 FREQUENCY-NONSELECTIVE STOCHASTIC AND DETERMINISTIC
CHANNEL MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.1 THE EXTENDED SUZUKI PROCESS OF TYPE I . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.1.1 Modelling and Analysis of the Short-Term Fading . . . . . . . 157
6.1.1.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the
Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.1.1.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades . 166
6.1.2 Modelling and Analysis of the Long-Term Fading . . . . . . . . 169
6.1.3 The Stochastic Extended Suzuki Process of Type I . . . . . . . 172
6.1.4 The Deterministic Extended Suzuki Process of Type I . . . . . 176
6.1.5 Applications and Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.2 THE EXTENDED SUZUKI PROCESS OF TYPE II . . . . . . . . . 185
6.2.1 Modelling and Analysis of the Short-Term Fading . . . . . . . 186
6.2.1.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the
Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.2.1.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades . 193
6.2.2 The Stochastic Extended Suzuki Process of Type II . . . . . . 196
6.2.3 The Deterministic Extended Suzuki Process of Type II . . . . . 200
6.2.4 Applications and Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.3 THE GENERALIZED RICE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.3.1 The Stochastic Generalized Rice Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.3.2 The Deterministic Generalized Rice Process . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.3.3 Applications and Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.4 THE MODIFIED LOO MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.4.1 The Stochastic Modified Loo Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.4.1.1 Autocorrelation Function and Doppler Power Spectral
Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.4.1.2 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the
Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
6.4.1.3 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades . 228
6.4.2 The Deterministic Modified Loo Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Contents IX
6.4.3 Applications and Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7 FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE STOCHASTIC AND DETERMINISTIC
CHANNEL MODELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.1 THE ELLIPSES MODEL OF PARSONS AND BAJWA . . . . . . . . 244
7.2 SYSTEM THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF FREQUENCYSELECTIVE
CHANNELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.3 FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE STOCHASTIC CHANNEL MODELS . . 250
7.3.1 Correlation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
7.3.2 The WSSUS Model According to Bello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.3.2.1 WSS Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.3.2.2 US Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.3.2.3 WSSUS Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.3.3 The Channel Models According to COST 207 . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.4 FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE DETERMINISTIC CHANNEL MODELS 267
7.4.1 System Functions of Frequency-Selective Deterministic Channel
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
7.4.2 Correlation Functions and Power Spectral Densities of DGUS
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.4.3 Delay Power Spectral Density, Doppler Power Spectral Density,
and Characteristic Quantities of DGUS Models . . . . . . . . . 276
7.4.4 Determination of the Model Parameters of DGUS Models . . . 281
7.4.4.1 Determination of the discrete propagation delays and
delay coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
7.4.4.2 Determination of the discrete Doppler frequencies and
Doppler coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
7.4.4.3 Determination of the Doppler phases . . . . . . . . . 284
7.4.5 Deterministic Simulation Models for the Channel Models
According to COST 207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
8 FAST CHANNEL SIMULATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
8.1 DISCRETE DETERMINISTIC PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.2 REALIZATION OF DISCRETE DETERMINISTIC PROCESSES . . 292
8.2.1 Tables System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.2.2 Matrix System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.2.3 Shift Register System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.3 PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE DETERMINISTIC PROCESSES . . . 297
8.3.1 Elementary Properties of Discrete Deterministic Processes . . . 298
8.3.2 Statistical Properties of Discrete Deterministic Processes . . . 305
8.3.2.1 Probability Density Function and Cumulative Distribution
Function of the Amplitude and the Phase . . . 306
8.3.2.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades . 313
8.4 REALIZATION EXPENDITURE AND SIMULATION SPEED . . . . 315
8.5 COMPARISON WITH THE FILTER METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
X Contents
Appendix A DERIVATION OF THE JAKES POWER SPECTRAL
DENSITY AND THE CORRESPONDING AUTOCORRELATION
FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Appendix B DERIVATION OF THE LEVEL-CROSSING RATE OF
RICE PROCESSES WITH DIFFE ..

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